A novel fast distance relay for series compensated transmission lines

This paper presents a fast distance relay for series compensated transmission lines based on the R–L differential-equation algorithm using the theory of equal transfer process of transmission lines. The measuring distances based on the proposed algorithm can fast approach the actual value of fault distance when a fault occurs in front of the series capacitor. When a fault occurs behind of the series capacitor, the fault loop, including the series capacitor, does not match the R–L transmission line model, so the measuring distances fluctuate severely. Based on this, the relative position of the fault with respect to the series capacitor can be judged effectively according to the fluctuation range of the measuring distances, and the accurate fault location can be obtained fast. A variety of PSCAD/EMTDC simulation tests show that the new relay has fast operating speed and high accuracy when applied to the long series compensated transmission lines.     

Framework to manage multiple goals in community-based energy sharing network in smart grid

Smart grid has opened up a new role of “prosumer” in an energy value network, transforming many conventional energy consumers into prosumers, who not only generate green energy but also share the surplus with utilities and other consumers. The concept of a goal-oriented prosumer community group (PCG) has emerged recently as an effective way to fulfill sustainable energy exchange. Such community-based energy sharing networks comprise multiple irreconcilable objectives such as demand constraints, cost constraints, and income maximization. In many cases, one goal may be achievable only at the expense of other goals. This necessitates the development of an effective framework to manage the multiple goals and reduce the gap with their achievement levels. Therefore, in this research paper, an effective framework is developed to negotiate among the multiple goals and thus to define optimal mutual goals for each PCG in a more sustainable manner using multiple-criteria goal programming techniques. Simulation results are presented to illustrate how the methods work in practical situations, where each of the objective measure is given a target value and the unwanted deviations from this set are minimized in an achievement function.     

Kinetics of light-induced degradation in compensated boron-doped silicon investigated using photoluminescence and numerical simulation

We use photoluminescence to observe light-induced degradation in silicon in real time. Numerical simulations are used to match our results and lifetime decay data from the literature with theoretical models for the generation of the light-induced boron–oxygen defects. It is found that the existing model of the slowly generated defect SRC, where its saturated concentration is a function of the majority carrier concentration, does not explain certain results in both p- and n-type samples. A new model is proposed in which the saturated SRC concentration is controlled by the total hole concentration under illumination.     

基于时域频域分析结合的调谐激光吸收光谱检测参数优化

随着调谐激光吸收光谱(tunable laser absorption spectroscopy, TLAS)技术在气体检测中的应用越来越广泛,二次谐波信号的质量与检测参数紧密相关,因而分析检测参数的优化方法很有意义。本文根据谱线预处理中的滤波参数、系统采样时间、锁相放大器的时间常数对信号的影响以及参数间的联系,总结检测参数的选取规律。根据滤波原理和不同浓度下信号的均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)值选择合适的滤波阶数和窗宽。选择信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)、RMSE、信号与噪声频域幅度之比(ratio of amplitude in frequency domain of signal to noise,f_SNR)3种评价指标的曲线变化趋势进行时频分析,得到最佳采样周期数为30,结合实验系统具体参数可计算最佳采样时间。通过信号主频带与截止频率的关系和滤波效果选择合适的时间常数。综合分析3个检测参数并总结选取方法,可提高二次谐波信号的质量。本文提出的参数选取方法对提高二次谐波在实际应用中的准确度有...     

Adaptive dynamic CMAC neural control of nonlinear chaotic systems with L2 tracking performance

The advantage of using cerebellar model articulation control (CMAC) network has been well documented in many applications. However, the structure of a CMAC network which will influence the learning performance is difficult to select. This paper proposes a dynamic structure CMAC network (DSCN) which the network structure can grow or prune systematically and their parameters can be adjusted automatically. Then, an adaptive dynamic CMAC neural control (ADCNC) system which is composed of a computation controller and a robust compensator is proposed via second-order sliding-mode approach. The computation controller containing a DSCN identifier is the principal controller and the robust compensator is designed to achieve L₂ tracking performance with a desired attenuation level. Moreover, a proportional–integral (PI)-type adaptation learning algorithm is derived to speed up the convergence of the tracking error in the sense of Lyapunov function and Barbalat’s lemma, thus the system stability can be guaranteed. Finally, the proposed ADCNC system is applied to control a chaotic system. The simulation results are demonstrated that the proposed ADCNC scheme can achieve a favorable control performance even under the variations of system parameters and initial point.     

基于开关磁阻电机消除织机开车痕的控制系统

根据织机的负载情况,设计了一套开关磁阻电机的控制系统,并选用3.5 kW电机进行转矩过载倍数的核算.经试验和分析,开关磁阻电机以其较大的起动转矩,可以有效解决织机因第一纬打纬力不足造成的开车痕问题.     

Physical force-sensitive touch responses in liquid crystal-gated-organic field-effect transistors with polymer dipole control layers

We report the sensing performances of liquid crystal-gated-organic field-effect transistors with a polymer dipole layer (DCL-LC-g-OFETs) upon physical touches. The DCL-LC-g-OFET devices, which were fabricated by employing 4-cyano-4’-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) as a sensing gate insulating layer, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) DCL, and 50 nm-thick poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) channel layer, which were optically semi-transparent and exhibited p-type transistor behavior. A pencil-like load (0.6 g–4.8 g) was introduced as a means for physical touch, while a human finger was used to examine the practical sensing capability of devices. Results showed that the drain current responded quickly upon physical touch and increased linearly with the strength of physical touch. The response time upon physical touch was slightly affected by the touch strength but was as fast as less than 1 s, while the drain current signals were quite reproducible and stable even after repeated physical touches. The present DCL-LC-g-OFET devices exhibited excellent sensing performances and reproducibility upon the human finger touch.     

Solution processable PEDOT:PSS based hybrid electrodes for organic field effect transistors

We report high performance solution processed conductive inks used as contact electrodes for printed organic field effect transistors (OFETs). Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes show highly improved very low sheet resistance of 65.8 ± 6.5 Ω/square (Ω/□) by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and post treatment with methanol (MeOH) solvent. Sheet resistance was further improved to 33.8 ± 8.6 Ω/□ by blending silver nanowire (AgNW) with DMSO doped PEDOT:PSS. Printed OFETs with state of the art diketopyrrolopyrrole-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DPPT-TT) semiconducting polymer were demonstrated with various solution processable conductive inks, including bare, MeOH treated PEDOT:PSS, single wall carbon nanotubes, and hybrid PEDOT:PSS-AgNW, as the source and drain (S/D) electrode by spray printing using a metal shadow mask. The highest field effect mobility, 0.49 ± 0.03 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ for DPPT-TT OFETs, was obtained using blended AgNW with DMSO doped PEDOT:PSS S/D electrode.     

Simulated effect of driver and vehicle interaction on vehicle interior layout

Digital human modeling is an essential tool to reduce cost and to save time in a design process where humans take the part of users of the design. Considering this phenomenon for a vehicle interior, the importance of the seat track location and adjustment ranges become important. This paper presents the effect of driver and vehicle interaction on vehicle interior layout based on simulation approach. This simulation method includes two optimizations. The first optimization problem is the physics-based seated posture prediction. In order to represent physical drivers, 4,500 virtual drivers are generated based on an anthropometric database-ANSUR. Interaction forces between the digital human and pedal, seat, ground, and steering wheel are incorporated in the physics-based posture prediction. Three different pedal reaction moments (0, 20, and 40 N m) are implemented into the formulation to examine the effect of pedal reaction moment on driver seat location and adjustment ranges. To study the effect of shear forces, the physics-based posture prediction is compared to kinematics-based posture prediction. After posture predictions are completed, individuals' preferred seat locations are used in a second optimization problem to predict the seat track location and adjustment ranges. For a specific vehicle with 20 N m pedal reaction moment, adjustment ranges are predicted as 223 mm and 82 mm in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Also, it was shown that shear force due to the interaction between the driver and the seat pan and the pedal reaction moment are both influential to the seat track location and adjustment ranges.Relevance to industryThe simulation model presented in this paper is useful in vehicle and seat design and can be easily used for virtual design assessment in vehicle design.